Edible food packaging: A sustainable revolution in India

The food packaging industry is continually seeking innovative solutions to tackle sustainability challenges. Although not a new concept, edible packaging is gaining momentum due to advances in technology and government support. Made from natural ingredients such as seaweed, rice, and fruit peels, edible packaging presents significant potential in India.

Although facing challenges like high production costs, limited shelf life in India, the global edible packaging market size is expected to reach US$ 1,193.98 million by 2032 from US$ 748.06 million in 2024, growing at a CAGR of 6.02%

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The growing need for sustainable solutions to global environmental issues has spurred the exploration of innovative approaches across various industries. Following the success of sustainable packaging, the food packaging industry is now delving into even more advanced solutions to further address environmental concerns. One such ground breaking innovation is edible food packaging—a concept that is gradually gaining traction both globally and in India.

As the name suggests, edible packaging refers to packaging that is not only biodegradable but also consumable. This type of packaging is primarily made from biodegradable, plant-based, and natural materials that can be eaten without the need for processing, recycling, waste collection, or disposal.

India being one of the largest producers and consumers of food, faces a significant challenge in managing food packaging waste. Traditional packaging materials, particularly plastics, have been a major contributor to pollution. However, with growing awareness of environmental issues and stringent regulations on plastic use, the demand for sustainable packaging solutions has surged. Edible packaging, made from natural materials such as seaweed, rice, and even fruit peels, offers an eco-friendly alternative that aligns with the country’s sustainability goals.

Current Market and Potential

The edible packaging market in India is still in its nascent stages, but it holds immense potential. According to a report by Fortune Business Insights, the global edible packaging market size is valued at US$ 748.06 million in 2024 and is projected to reach US$ 1,193.98 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.02%. India, with its large consumer base and increasing environmental awareness, is expected to be a key player in this market.

Several Indian startups and research institutions are working on developing edible packaging solutions. For instance, researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur have developed a starch-based edible film that can be used to package food. This film is made from natural ingredients like mango peels and seaweed, making it both biodegradable and edible. Companies like Bakeys in India have pioneered the development of edible cutlery made from millets, rice, and wheat, which can be consumed after use.

Innovations in edible packaging

The concept of edible packaging is not entirely new but has gained renewed interest due to advancements in technology and increasing consumer demand for environmentally friendly products. Here are a few innovations that are being looked forward to by edible packaging manufacturers:

Biodegradable and Compostable Materials: Several edible packaging companies in India focus on using biodegradable and compostable materials. These materials offer eco-friendly and healthy alternatives to traditional plastics, helping to reduce the environmental footprint of food packaging. Common ingredients used in these solutions include starch, rice, seaweed, and other natural substances.

Edible Coatings and films: Given the limited shelf life of fruits and vegetables due to external factors, preservation conditions, and intrinsic factors such as respiration rate, ethylene production, and transpiration, edible coatings have proven to be a safe and effective approach. These coatings are made from various natural resources, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. Edible packaging materials can be divided into two main groups including edible coatings and edible films. The difference between the two is that films are first formed separately and then applied to the food product, while coatings are formed and applied directly to the food.

They offer multiple benefits, such as serving as a moisture barrier, oxygen scavenger, ethylene scavenger, and providing antimicrobial properties, among others. Edible coatings can be applied to food materials using different methods, including dipping, spraying, brushing, and layer-by-layer applications.

Edible packaging for convenience foods: The fast food and convenience food sectors present significant opportunities for edible packaging solutions. Much of the packaging waste in these sectors comes from single-serving items wrapped in plastic, such as candies, snacks, chocolates, and sandwiches. By using edible wrappers made from rice paper and edible starches, it is possible to not only reduce waste but also provide a convenient way to enjoy on-the-go foods.

Challenges and Roadblocks

Despite the promising potential, the edible packaging industry in India faces several challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the high cost of production. Developing edible packaging materials that are safe, durable, and cost-effective requires significant investment in research and development. Additionally, the shelf life of edible packaging is generally shorter than that of traditional packaging, which could be a concern for manufacturers and retailers.

Consumer acceptance is another hurdle that needs to be addressed. While there is growing awareness of environmental issues, convincing consumers to adopt edible packaging may take time. There are also regulatory challenges, as edible packaging must meet stringent food safety standards to ensure it does not pose any health risks.

Future of Edible Packaging in India

The future of edible food packaging in India looks promising, with increasing support from both the government and private sector. The Indian government’s initiatives to curb plastic use and promote sustainable practices have created a favorable environment for the growth of the edible packaging industry. Moreover, collaborations between research institutions, startups, and food companies are expected to drive innovation and bring cost-effective solutions to the market.

As consumers become more environmentally conscious, the demand for sustainable packaging solutions like edible packaging is likely to grow. With continued research, innovation, and consumer education, edible food packaging could become a mainstream solution in India, significantly reducing the country’s reliance on plastic and contributing to a more sustainable future.